Essay about Slaughtering for the Humanness of Horses

Slaughtering for the Humanness of Horses The closing of slaughterhouses in the United States for horses has resulted in inhumane treatment and gross neglect for thousands of horses. Congressmen, lobbyists, activists, actors, and every day people have petitioned for these death traps to be destroyed, all for the benefit of the horse. The horse, who cannot speak, can only react to his surroundings. The ones to be benefited are the people who see this as cruel, and inhumane; to give them a clear conscious, because they feel endeared to this animal. I, too, am endeared to this animal, but understand that the horse has been put in, an all too often, precarious situation, that even death, cannot come quick enough. Without slaughter†¦show more content†¦One horse rescue farm received calls on 230 horses from April 2008 to August 2009 (Lewis, 2009). That’s an increase of over 1800 percent from the previous year, when slaughterhouses closed. Horse rescue farms rely on donations, whether in the form of food, labor, or money, to make ends meet. â€Å"It’s always a struggle,† (Myers), who owns Sunshine Acres rescue ranch, said. â€Å"It’s expensive to keep horses, and there aren’t enough donations coming in. Most of the horses I get are underweight and have health problems, which requires more feed.†(Lewis, 2009, p. 4A) Others have horses that are geriatric or have medical issues. They are kept out of compassion, as not many would want the financial burden of a horse that is unusable. These horses are even more difficult to find new homes for and in some instances their quality of life has already passed. Other people refuse to try to make arrangements for them when they experience a financial hardship and just quit feeding them. â€Å"They’re emaciated. Some of them, their eyes are glazed over,† said Holly Simpson, (Zaborney, 2010, p. 1) of Arabian Rescue Midwest, who visited 30 plus horses after they were seized by the Humane Society. One horse was already dead and six others had to be euthanized at the sight, as their state of

The Expectancy Violations Theory And Human Norms - 1299 Words

We have all heard the maxim â€Å"stick to the status quo.† The desire to adhere to societal norms influences our everyday actions and largely shapes how we interact with others. What happens when we stray from the norm and do something unexpected? For this assignment, Professor Striley, after explaining the expectancy violations theory, challenged her students to apply its concepts to violate a stranger’s expectations in public and record the subsequent response. Through this activity, I learned firsthand that low communicator reward valence potential could cause a seemingly ambiguous violation to seem negative. In this paper, I will first explain the expectancy violations theory and describe the expectancy my group violated for the assignment. Next, I will apply four concepts from the expectancy violations theory to my group’s violation. Finally, I will address my own reactions to my group’s violation and how it has further shaped by understanding of communicator reward valence and the expectancy violations theory as a whole. The expectancy violations theory is â€Å"about what happens when we act differently than others predict we will act† (Striley, 2015, p. 5). This fixed prediction stems from the idea that individuals generally adhere to social norms, which can be defined as â€Å"rules indicating how individuals are expected to behave in specific situations† (Striley, 2015, p. 7). For example, most people would not wear footie pajamas to a job interview because theyShow MoreRelatedExpectancy Violation Theory And Its Significance1650 Words   |  7 Pagesreviews expectancy violation theory and its significance in understanding interpersonal communication. The theory highlights the unexpected behavior of human being while interacting (Dainton, 2011). This theory is based on the reduction uncertainty where ambiguity on behaviors of others is reduced through interaction. Expectancy violations theory off ers some prospect to compare the personality of traditional empiricism with humanism. The theory was developed from the Nonverbal expectancy violation modelRead MoreThe Theory Of The Expectancy Violation Theory1668 Words   |  7 Pagespre-existing and external factors. Burgoon’s Expectancy Violations Theory analyses people’s reactions to unanticipated violations of social norms or expectations. This theory discusses many of the different factors that play a role when individuals form their expectancies such as context, relationship, communicator characteristics, and nonverbal communication. This paper analyses the pros and cons of the Expectancy Violation Theory. It argues why this theory satisfies enough of Griffin s six standardsRead MoreExpectancy Violation Theory1588 Words   |  7 PagesExpectancy Violation Theory Introduction â€Å"Expectancy violations exert significance on people’s interaction patterns, on their impressions of one another, and on the outcomes of their interactions† (Burgoon 1993:40). In other words, Judee Burgoon, founder of the expectancy violation theory, concluded from various experiments that people evaluate communication with others in a negative or positive regard, based on their expectation of the interaction and their opinion of the communicator. WhenRead MoreExpectancy Violation Theory1573 Words   |  7 PagesExpectancy Violation Theory Introduction â€Å"Expectancy violations exert significance on people’s interaction patterns, on their impressions of one another, and on the outcomes of their interactions† (Burgoon 1993:40). In other words, Judee Burgoon, founder of the expectancy violation theory, concluded from various experiments that people evaluate communication with others in a negative or positive regard, based on their expectation of the interaction and their opinion of the communicator. When peopleRead MoreThree Theories of Nonverbal Communication Essay1231 Words   |  5 Pagesthat this field is relatively recent there are many theories about our interaction with others. This paper will discuss the nonverbal expectancy theory along with two other theories, and describe how these theories can work together. Before it is possible to compare and contrast the three models, one must first be familiar with them. So what is the nonverbal expectancy theory, and how can it be of a benefit? This theory is based upon social norms within a conversation when dealing with strangersRead MoreInterpersonal Communication : The Heart And Soul Of Communication1366 Words   |  6 Pagessignificant others, and immediate others, before expanding to other areas of life. Through communication, scholars have been able to predict an array of different reactions through calculated uses of surveys and questionnaires. The Expectancy Violations Theory (EVT) model defines violation expectedness â€Å"as the extent to which behavior varies from the range of expected behavior† (Bevan, 2003). Where do individuals learn the range of what is deemed as expected behavior? Scholars understand that it is a combinationRead MoreExpectancy Violation Theory (Paper Rough Draft)1192 Words   |  5 PagesExpectancy Violati on Theory (Paper Rough Draft) â€Æ' Expectancy Violation Theory, or more commonly referred to as EVT, is the study of attempting to explain one’s reactions to unexpected behavior of their peers, and the various meanings that people attribute to the violation, or infringement, of their personal space. Judee Burgoon defines personal space as the invisible, variable volume of space surrounding an individual that defines that individual’s preferred distance from others. I will explainRead MoreInterpersonal Relationships And Its Effects On The Family And Community822 Words   |  4 Pagesinterpersonal relations and why people need them. In this quest, many theories, concepts, and axioms have been proposed to explain the complex notion of interpersonal relationships. This essay utilizes various theories and ideas to develop the ingredients of an effective interpersonal relationship. The theories will include the Symbolic Interaction, Expectancy Violations, Constructivism, Social Penetration, and Relational Di alectics Theory while the ideas will consist of non-verbal communication, self-conceptRead MorePersonal Space And Threat Threshold2014 Words   |  9 PagesTheory Summary According to Judgee Burgoon’s Expectancy Violation Theory, violating non-verbal expectancies, under certain conditions, can be more passive then conforming (Garard class-notes). This theory is applied to when an individual’s personal space and threat threshold is violated. Burgoon defines personal space as, â€Å" the invisible, variable volume of space surrounding an individual that defines that individual’s preferred distance from others† (Griffin 2012). The size and shape of our personalRead MoreEssay about Interpersonal Communication1845 Words   |  8 Pagescommunication theories, such as social identity theory, self-expansion theory, uncertainty reduction theory and expectancy violation theory, I learned more about myself, as well as my relationships and surroundings. Through communication, we socially construct our identities; how we see ourselves and how the world sees us. Our identity, from a young age through present age, constantly alters and changes through various interactions with different people and surroundings (Hall LaFrance). As humans, it is

Robert Gray Free Essays

Composers often manipulate their chosen form of text to explore their concerns within the world. Throughout the poem The Late Ferry by Robert Gray the type of journey is seen to be long-term, emotional, confronting and challenging for individuals. Shaun Tan’s The Red Tree uses journey as being long-term, personal, confronting, emotional and mental. We will write a custom essay sample on Robert Gray or any similar topic only for you Order Now These are recognized by the usage of symbolism and metaphors. Robert Grays The Late Ferry contains a large amount of symbolism through the duration of the poem. The symbolism is what gives the audience an idea of what the journey itself is and what type of journey it may be. In the 1st stanza we see this symbolism as a mother watching her child leave her and enter the real world on their own â€Å"The late ferry is leaving now; I stay to watch from the balcony as it goes up onto the huge dark harbor†. This is exploring journey through the child leaving their mother and getting about on their own now, therefore for the child it is a journey of coming of age. Robert Gray can uncover journey to the audience by using light and darkness to juxtapose each other and showing what are the positive and negative times for the individual in this journey. The colour orange in stanza 4 is a symbolism for an element of hope. Hope that this individual will get used to be on their own and finding their way around through life â€Å"And out beyond the tomato stake patch of the yachts, with their orange lights† juxtaposed to the darkness symbolised in stanza 6 â€Å"the longer white feel nervously about in the blackness† this is also symbolic of a negative time as the person is nervous in a dark world trying to find the light to turn their world positive again. The technique shown in these quotes can be symbolism, juxtaposition and the re-occurring motif of the colour. This shows the audience when the journey can be great or when the journey can be tough. This is a way of Robert Gray showing his notion of journey in The Late Ferry. Shaun Tan and The Red Tree uses also uses symbolism and metaphors to create knowledge to the reader by clearly showing what journey they are on and what sort of journey it could be for the individual in the text. On the page where the girl is bottled up on a beach we can see what is happening in her life and why she is feeling this way. The writing on the page says, â€Å"no one understands† by it stating this and the picture of her to go with it we can see that the technique being used by Shaun Tan is social distance; she is distancing herself away from everyone, as no one understands her feelings she is going through. We feel as if she has been dehumanized and left to suffer, we show sympathy towards her. The notion of journey is being explored by Shaun Tan in this as we get so many emotions and right away we realise it is a personal, emotional journey. In The Red Tree we also explore journey through the image in frame 4, we are exposed to the idea that journeys can offer a change in perspective, ideals and behaviors. She is experiencing an inner emotional journey that is displayed through her being in a bottle and the message is on the shore instead of being in the bottle. This is represented through the dull colours- dark blue and black. These are symbolic of the type of journey she is on. We give empathy to this girl as we get the feeling that no one wants to talk to her and no one likes to her their emotions all bottled up. Through both the texts The Late Ferry and The Red Tree journey is explored and depicted by the usage of symbolism and colours. Although both composers are using the same techniques the type of journey is completely different to one another. Ultimately both composers clearly display in their text what is happening throughout the whole time of this experience for the individual. How to cite Robert Gray, Essay examples

Preparation of sodium hexanitrocobaltate free essay sample

Sodium hexanitrocobaltate (III) is a coordination complex which has the formula Na3[Co(NO2)6]. This compound is yellow in colour. It consists of a central Co3+ ion surrounded by six nitro ligands [1]. This compound is used as a qualitative test for potassium and ammonium ions (so long as certain other cations are not present) [1]. Potassium and ammonium are insoluble in water, while sodium is [1]. Hence, the potassium and ammonium salts are precipitated as a yellow solid. AIM To prepare sodium hexanitrocobaltate (III) from pure potassium-free sodium nitrite, cobalt nitrate hexahydrate, 50% acetic acid and 95% ethanol. In this practical, the nitrite ions acts as an oxidant and a ligand [2]. Co2+ (aq) is more stable than Co3+ (aq), however when cobalt attaches to nitrogen containing ligands, Co3+ becomes the more stable ion [2]. Initially, the hexanitrocbaltate reduces the excess nitrite. The reaction produces nitrogen oxide gas, which reacts with air to form nitrogen dioxide [2]. These gases are removed when the solution is introduced to a steady stream of air [3]. We will write a custom essay sample on Preparation of sodium hexanitrocobaltate or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Reaction Equation: Co(NO2)3 + 5NaNO3 + 2NO3 Na3[Co(NO2)6] + 2NaNO3 + NO + H2O STRUCTURE MATERIAL 12 grams pure potassium-free sodium nitrite  12 ml cold water 4 grams cobalt nitrate hexahydrate 4 ml 50% acetic acid ethanol ice glass rod dropper hotplate beakers measuring cylinder weighing boat test tube filter paper funnel filter flask aeration tube scale vacuum pump METHOD 12. 01 grams of pure potassium-free sodium nitrite was weighed and added to 12 ml of cold water in a 100 ml beaker. This mixture was then heated on the hotplate until the solid was completely dissolved. The resulting solution was cooled to 50 0C. 4. 07 grams of colbalt nitrate hexahydrate was weighed and dissolved in the cooled solution. Thereafter, 4 ml of 50% acetic acid was added dropwise to the solution while being stirred continuously. The solution obtained was transferred into a test tube, placed into a filter flask and attached to an aeration tube. The vacuum pump was opened slowly to allow a steady stream of air to flow through the solution. This was done for approximately 20 minutes. After 20 minutes, the solution was placed in an ice bath, where 20 ml of 95% ethanol was added slowly while stirring. The mixture was left to stand for 20 minutes in the ice bath to crystallize. The product was filtered and washed three times with 10 ml of ethanol. The dried product was weighed to determine the percentage yield obtained. RESULTS Weight (g) NaNO3 (pure potassium-free sodium nitrite)12. 01 Co(NO2)3 (cobalt nitrate hexahydrate)4. 07 Na3[Co(NO2)6] (sodium hexanitrocobaltate (III))9. 11 Table showing data obtained from the experiment Calculations: Molar Mass (g/mol) NaNO3 (pure potassium-free sodium nitrite)196. 96 Co(NO2)3 (cobalt nitrate hexahydrate)85. 00 Na3[Co(NO2)6] (sodium hexanitrocobaltate (III))403. 96 Table showing the molar masses of the different compounds Number of moles of Co(NO2)3 = mass/molar mass = 4. 07/196. 96 = 0. 0207 mols Stoichiometric ratio of Co(NO2)3: Na3[Co(NO2)6] = 1 : 1 ? Number of moles of Na3[Co(NO2)6] = 0. 0207 mols Mass of product = Molar mass ? number of moles = 403. 96 ? 0. 0207 = 8. 36 g Percentage yield obtained = (Actual Yield)/(Theoretical Yield)? 100 = 9. 11/8. 36? 100 = 108. 95 % The limiting reactant was determined from the following calculation: Co(NO2)6 and 5NaNO3 0. 0207 mols x mols (number of moles available for reaction) 1 5 (stoichiometry) x = 0. 1035 mols†¦ number of moles of NaNO3 needed for the reaction However, actual number of moles of NaNO3 available for the reaction is 0.  1413 mols. Therefore, NaNO3 will be in excess, while Co(NO2)3 is the limiting reactant. OBSERVATIONS When the cobalt nitrate hexahydrate was dissolved in the solution of pure potassium-free sodium nitrite, the mixture turned reddish brown in colour. As the 50% acetic acid was added to the solution, its colour changed to a yellow and became thicker in consistency. As the solution cooled, a l ayer of brownish solution was observed at the top of the product. The final product of sodium hexanitrocobaltate (III) was seen to be a yellowish powder. DISCUSSION A yield of over 100% was obtained. This result obtained has some errors that can be due to: Not filtering and drying the product sufficiently, leaving the product with excess water. Human error while measuring. Some product could remain in the beaker. Product could have spilled while transferring the product from the beaker to the filter funnel. While removing the filter paper, product could have dropped or could remain in the funnel. CONCLUSION The aim of the experiment was to prepare sodium hexanitrocobaltate (III), which was achieved. A yield of 108. 95% was obtained, which was said to be as a result of errors while conducting the practical.

14 Life Hacks Youve Never Heard of That Can Be Used Every Day

14 Life Hacks Youve Never Heard of That Can Be Used Every Day Life hacks can be incredibly useful in helping us in our daily lives. Here are 14 life hacks you’ve never heard of but can apply to your everyday life. Source: [SlipTalk]

The offence of bad language - Emphasis

The offence of bad language The offence of bad language Finally, a House of Commons report that is a cause for celebration. This is Bad Language: the Use and Abuse of Official Language the result of an investigation into the many ways in which politicians and civil servants may baffle and intimidate readers with their use of jargon-heavy, euphemism-filled waffle. By making such official documents virtually unreadable, the report points out, the public is effectively denied access to political policies that affect them. The committee behind the report are planning to crack down on perpetrators by issuing penalties for instances where poor use of language has damaging results, like a person failing to receive benefits or services they are entitled to. And while their plan is to refer to the offence of bad political language by the rather jargon-y term maladministration, we really cant do anything but applaud these announcements.

Google HRM Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Google HRM - Term Paper Example The current paper presents Google as one of the most well known online companies in the world. Many internet companies came into existence after the internet bubble of last decade of 20th century. It is important to note that not all of them were extremely successful and many reported heavy losses. Google was an exception in the internet industry because it was not only successful in surviving but was also successful in growing into a giant corporation. The progress the company has made is tremendous and it is one of the most successful internet firms that are still standing tall today. The rapid growth of Google is mainly because of its innovative culture and leadership. The reasons behind the success of Google are its management style, leadership, innovative culture, and eye opening human resource management practices. The company is such a big name today because of its employees. Google employees are known to be innovative and out of the box thinkers. The company has set new prece dents in the field of human resource management and organizational behavior. Constant innovation has made Google what it is today. The company never stopped after their famous search engine rather they used their search engine to start an advertisement program which helped them grow even more. Today Google is still coming up with newer products so that its name remains in the minds of the consumers. It is because of this approach that Google has earned the reputation of trend setter in the internet industry. ... The company is such a big name today because of its employees. Google employees are known to be innovative and out of the box thinkers. The company has set new precedents in the field of human resource management and organizational behavior. Constant innovation has made Google what it is today. The company never stopped after their famous search engine rather they used their search engine to start an advertisement program which helped them grow even more. Today Google is still coming up with newer products so that its name remains in the minds of the consumers. It is because of this approach that Google has earned the reputation of trend setter in the internet industry. Human Resource Management at Google The human resource management policy and practice of Google is exemplary. The position that Google has attained today in the world is mainly due to its innovative employees and HR policies. Employees are given a free hand to a great extent in the company. Employee freedom is one of the main characteristics of organizational culture at Google. The company has a clan culture where everyone interacts with each other freely. Treatment of employees at Google is also quite different from other companies. Facilities offered by Google are so amazing that every computer science related person on the planet wants to work in the company. Below we will discuss different functions of human resource management at Google. Job design, training, recruitment, selection, performance appraisal, promotion system, pay, and general supervisory style of Google will be discussed in detail below. Job Design Issues The main jobs at Google are innovative in nature. Employees are required to come up with new

The Mistrust Felt By Staff Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9000 words

The Mistrust Felt By Staff - Essay Example Jabri & Pounder in discussing organization change stated that â€Å"narrative can enable participants to comprehend the impact of change efforts on those employees in organizations who may feel victims of change.† (2001, pp. 684) Clearly, from the comments made in the questionnaire and through personal discussion with staff, there was no clear communication perceived by staff or management. While discussing the change process itself many employees felt that had been excluded and had not been consulted. To further complicate the problem, staff perceived that HR was under similar pressure and feeling unsure of changes. Because of the sweeping organizational changes that had occurred, staff felt that even management was unsure of the direction that had been taken and thus further felt they had nowhere to turn for leadership and guidance. Another are where staff felt communication was ineffective and exhibited signs of mistrust arising from fear surrounded the role the consultants played. Jabri & Pounder stressed that the narrative approach allows the consultant to break through their own perceived notions and paradigms to enable the member of the organization to do the same thereby facilitating change. (2001) Staff was unsure why the consultants were looking over their shoulders. Further, through interviewing the consultants they placed the responsibility of lack of information flow on the management team. There appeared to be no clear lines of communication flow between any of the principles: staff, management and the consultants. Macadam stated that many of the perceptions, statements, and actions exhibited by staff â€Å"resentment; depression; distrust; stress; disloyalty; and lack of productivity.† (2000, pp. 39) are outward signs of the upheaval caused the dramatic changes within the organization?

Managerial accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managerial accounting - Essay Example mpanies and the worlds top-5 accounting firms, have resulted in lawsuits and bankruptcies, as well as government rescue efforts, to the detriment of many investors and taxpayers. Some of these companies were formerly prestigious financial institutions with huge capital and with global reach such as Citigroup, JP Morgan, and AIG. This paper seeks to study this recent phenomenon with a view to identifying what would perhaps be a good long-term solution. The generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) have been tagged as one of the fundamental causes of the recent financial and banking crisis that originated in the United States and sent shock waves throughout the world. According to the Accounting Dictionary, the GAAP consists of â€Å"standards, conventions, and rules accountants follow in recording and summarizing transactions, and in the preparation of financial statements.† There is no central authority that promulgates the rules of GAAP; instead the Securities and Exchange Commission accepts and enforces the compiled issuances from FASB, AICPA, and other sources. The Accounting Principles Board (APB) of AICPA defines GAAP as encompassing â€Å"the conventions, rules, and procedures necessary to define accepted accounting practice at a particular time,† and that the principles are derived from â€Å"experiences and reason† that have proved useful.(AICPA, 1970, cited in Wolk et al., 1997). Voluminous rul es under GAAP have been issued over the years, and the complexity of these rules which have not been consistently organized around fixed and commonly agreed principles have not increased our understanding of financial reports. In fact, they have fostered a lack of clarity and transparency. Although the GAAP are designed for the preparation of financial statements for external users, internal decision makers also use them for various purposes including decisions regarding promotions and year-end bonuses to its executives. Management has some leeways to impact

Beer-Lambert’s Law Experiment

Beer-Lambert’s Law Experiment Design Project on  Beer- Lambert’s Law. Saswati Rakshit Aim: To learn and understand the basics and mathematical calculations of the following problem and write programs accordingly. Problem 1: Suppose an outdoor multispectral image is captured by a camera with a path length of 1-3 microns. A part of the intensity is attenuated by the absorption of small particles in the atmosphere for that spectral range and let the scattering by the small particles for that spectral range is 0. Find the total attenuation in the spectral range using Simpson 1/3  ­, trapezoidal and Euler integration methods and comment in your findings. Scope/Application: Beer Lambert’s law relates the attenuation of light to the properties of the material through which the light is passing. When light passes through a medium some amount of light is absorbed by the medium. For this absorption intensity of light reduces. Beer Lambert’s law states that the quantity of light absorbed is directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the path length of the light through the transmission medium Beer Lambert’s law is used to find total attenuation of light when light passes through a medium(considering scattering is zero).It is also used to find the concentration of medium in chemical analysis, medium length in some application and absorbance of medium when necessary. Introduction of Beer Lambert Law: Lambert’s law is (Related to thickness/path length of medium) When light passes through an absorbing medium its intensity decreases exponentially as the path length of the absorbing medium increases. I = I0 e-k1 L †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.(i) (where L is the length of medium and k1 is molar extinction/absorption co-efficient for the absorbing material) Beer’s law is (Related to concentration of absorbing medium) When light passes through medium(absorbing) its intensity decreases exponentially as the concentration of the absorbing medium increases. I = I0e-k2C †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..(ii) (C concentration of medium and k2 is absorption co-efficient for the absorbing material) Combining both Beer’s and Lambert’s law we get I = I0 e-k3CL combining eqn (i) and (ii) Where I0 = Incident light intensity I = Transmitted Light intensity C=concentration / volume L= path length of medium We consider an outdoor multispectral image is captured by a camera with a spectral range of 1-3 microns. A part of the intensity is attenuated by the absorption of small particles in the medium.so image will be attenuated. Beer Lambert’s law find the attenuation caused by absorption for that spectral range and let the scattering by the small particles for that spectral range is 0. Objectives: In a given path length 1 to 3 micron, we have considered a constant value of molar extinction/absorption co-efficient.and now we need to find the absorbance total attenuation of the incident light using Beer’s Lambert Law. And then applying Simpson’s 1/3, Trapezoidal and Euler Integration in it compare the result. System flow: Implementation of the Beer Lambert’s law needs a proper mathematical understanding of the Beer Lambert’s law. Here I am showing how to set the equation using its mathematical basics First we apply Beer Lambert’s Law for a medium which absorbs light in spectral range 1-3 micron. Considering no scattering we assume I0 is the incident light to the medium Air of attenuation coefficient 1.64at temperature 20oC. Here path length travelled by light is 1 to 3 micron. According to Beer Lambert’s law light intensity is decreased if concentration path length increase. So we get the equation I=Io e-kcl = Io e- µl Now as we know the path length l and attenuation coefficient  µ, we calculate absorbance of the medium using eqn Log10 = kcl (Where l is constant) = e kcl But now for a spectral range 1 to 3 micron path length we need to formulate a new equation by integrating ranged from .001mm to .003 mm [Here x is path length and c is attenuation coefficient] Solving the above eqn we get total absorbance. Thus Beer Lambert’s law is successfully implemented in our problem. Now we apply Simpson 1/3 rd, trapezoidal rule on Beer’s Lambert Law to find total attenuation. Finally compare the result of Simpson’s 1/3 rd and Trapezoidal rule with the actual integration. Flow Diagram: Math: Beer-Lambert Law Concept Consider a light incident on a medium with area A and thickness dx and concentration of molecules C. Number of molecules illuminated by light of incident intensity Ix is CAdx. Total effective area ÏÆ'CAdx. Probability of light being absorbed in thickness dx is = dx [where dIx is the change in intensity across dx and ÏÆ' is scattering coefficient] So we can write, = dx †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (i) Now we integrate both sides of (i) ln (I) – ln(I0) = ln = ÏÆ'Cx I = I0e-ÏÆ'Cx = I0 e µx †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.(ii) The co-efficient  µ=ÏÆ' C is the linear attenuation co-efficient. Here C=Absorbing co-efficient ÏÆ' = Scattering co-efficient. The ibrightness of light decreases exponentially with depth in the medium. So we can tell Beer-Lambert Law is also a function of( ÃŽ »), i.e. I (ÃŽ ») = I0 (ÃŽ ») e- µ(ÃŽ »)x†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(iii) Calculation: (Here we considered linear attenuation) Given spectral range 0.001 mm to 0.003 mm Let we consider Absorbing coefficient(C) of Transmission Medium (Air) = 1.64 at 20o C. So total absorption (A) of light is calculated by integrating in the spectral range, [from eqn ii] = (1) = = 0.002006571 Now we can easily calculate attenuated intensity of light (I). Attenuation is the loss of light intensity over distance. The greater the distance, the lower is the intensity Where I=I0 -Attenuation Trapezoidal rule:- We know, in case of multiple application of Trapezoidal rule, the formula is: = [f(x0) + 2) + f(xn)] So, here applying the above formula for equation (1) we get: = 0.0005[[ 0.001 + 2 + [] 0.003] = 0.0005[1.001641346 + 2.00657077 + 1.004932123] = 0.0005[4.013144239] =0.002006572 (Ans.) Here, x0 = x0.001, xn = x0.003, b = 0.003, a = 0.001, n = 2, = 0.0005. Simpson’s rule: We know, composite Simpson’s rule formula is written as: = [f(x0) + 4) +2) + f(xn)] So, here applying the above formula for equation (1) we get: = 0.0003[[ 0.001 + 4 + [] 0.003] = 0.0003[1.001641346 + 4.01314154 + 1.004932123] = 0.001805914 (Ans.) Here, = 0.0003. Euler’s formula: Here, = y(0.001) = = 0 (assumption) y(0.003) = ≈ and we have to find the value of equation (1) using Euler’s formula which is, = + f (, ) h let us choose h = 0.001 Step-1 i=0, = 0.001, = 0, h = 0.001 = + f (, ) h = 0 + f (0.001, 0) 0.001 = 0.001001641 Step-2 i=1, = 0.002, = 0.001001641, h = 0.001 = + f (, ) h = 0.001001641 + f (0.001, 0.001001641) 0.001 = 0.0020049426 This is actually the value of the function at i.e. at (+h) or (0.002+0.001) or 0.003. So, = = 0.0020049426-0 = 0.0020049426 (Ans.) We find that the result of all above technique is almost same if we take approximation i.e.0.002. CODES and OUTPUT: Beer Lambert’s Law: #include #include #include int main() {float absorbtion,m,l,u; printf(nEnter spectral range); scanf(%f%f,l,u); printf(nnenter the value of absorption cofficient); scanf(%f,m); absorbtion=(1/m)*(pow(2.718,(m*u))-pow(2.718,(m*l))); printf(nnTotal absorption is %f: ,absorbtion); getch(); } Output: Simpson 1/3rd rule: #include #include #include void main() {float x[10],y[10],Total=0,h,t; int i,n,j,k=0; printf(nhow many values you will enter: ); scanf(%d,n); for(i=0; i { printf(nn x%d: ,i); scanf(%f,x[i]); printf(nn f(x%d): ,i); scanf(%f,y[i]); } h=x[1]-x[0]; n=n-1; Total = Total + y[0]; for(i=1;i { if(k==0) { Total = Total + 4 * y[i]; k=1 } else { Total = Total + 2 * y[i]; k=0; } } Total = Total + y[i]; Total = Total * (h/3); printf(nn I = %f , Total); getch();} Trapezoidal rule: #include #include #include int main(){ float x[10],y[10], Total =0,h; int i,n,j,k=0; float fact(int); printf(nhow many values of ranges you will be enter: ); scanf(%d,n); for(i=0; i {printf(nn x%d: ,i); scanf(%f,x[i]); printf(nn f(x%d): ,i); scanf(%f,y[i]); } h=x[1]-x[0]; n=n-1; for(i=0;i if(k==0) { Total = Total + y[i]; k=1; }else Total = Total + 2 * y[i];} Total = Total + y[i]; Total = Total * (h/2); printf(nn I = %f , Total); getch();} Future Work Scope: This Beer Lambert’s law can be used in image processing application where atmospheric condition is poor to find the attenuation of light and image by absorption of light. Implementing Euler Method. References: Weisstein, Eric W. Simpsons Rule. From MathWorldA Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SimpsonsRule.html. (Accessed on 26.04.2015) Basics of Trapezoidal and Simpson Rules, www.math.umd.edu/~jmr/141/Simpson.pdf. Lal, A. K., Simpsons Rule, 2007, http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu.(Accessed on 20.04.2015) http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu. (Accessed on 19.03.2015) Garrett, P., Absorption and Transmission of light and the Beer-Lambert Law, Lecture 21, 2006, www.physics.uoguelph.ca/~pgarrett/Teaching.html. (Accessed on 26.04.2015) Mudakavi, J. R., Modern Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Lecture – 07, Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometry – 3 Theoretical Aspects, http://nptel.ac.in/courses/103108100/7  (Accessed on 26.04.2015). www.chemwiki.ucdavis.edu. (Accessed on 19.03.2015)

Economic Theories Applied to the New Economy Essay -- Sony Economics B

Economic Theories Applied to the New Economy Discuss the extent to which the economic theories in the Market’s Reader can be applied to the â€Å"New Economy†. (50 marks) A) Discuss the extent to which the economic theories in the Market’s Reader can be applied to the â€Å"New Economy†. (50 marks) In this question, I will define the old and new Economy, then I will mention the main characters of New Economy and what is different between new and old Economy. After that, I will discuss the role of knowledge, innovation, and individual creative and competitive as the primary resource needed to create economic wealth. Then, I will discuss Innovation reduce costs and improve product quality and how advances technology achieve the cost reduction and reserve the economic scale in good level. finally I will Study the Economic theories in market reader, clearifing how it could use and ably in the new economy. It may be helpful to describe the â€Å"old economy† before I talk about the â€Å"new economy.† From around 1938 to 1974, the economy was built on a manufacturing base geared toward standardized production (It was manual labor) (1). It was organized into stable, hierarchical and generally autocratic organizations. These organizations achieved a competitive edge in the market by making standardized products faster and more economically. They focused on incremental cost reductions and a national marketplace. This is how success and prosperity were achieved in most courtiers, examples of type of organization could be found in textile and steel mills. This economic order began breaking down between the mid-1970s and the early 1990s. The crisis included both textiles and steel in a period of transition from the old economic order to the new one. a lot of countries loss their competitive edge because other countries were making things faster and cheaper. The cheap labor which had brought industries to the South was being very cheap. At the same time, workers also began wanting a higher standard of living, wanting cars, televisions, washing machines, better clothes and homes, wanting a chance to educate their children. Text Box: source: http://www.calumet.purdue.edu/management/hrm_sum.htmlThe new economy is emerging as a knowledge- and idea-based economy. In this new economy, the key to success and prosperity is the extent to which t... ...er design and high prices. The year also marked the company's restructuring of its sales and distribution channels. In addition to the existing structures based on product categories, a new organization was set to be established, that would focus exclusively on mass-retailers, in an attempt to foster close knitted relationships and improve communications with its consumers. The strategies that Sony must continue to pursue are: it must keep itself ahead of the change curve. In order to do so, the company must be able anticipate the direction of the change. Second, it must be able to focus and make the change happen. Also, Sony as a company needs to redefine itself from a business perspective, demonstrating that Sony is a consumer electronics products company, not a gaming company. For the market of consumer electronics is an ever-growing market and will always be significantly greater than the target market for games, which only includes a small segment consisting mainly of children and teenagers. However, from a holistic point of view, Sony should strengthen and maximize the brand value of its core sectors- electronics, games and content (music and picture).